George Sand (1804-1876), born Armandine Aurore Lucille Dupin, was a French novelist who was active during Europe's Romantic era. Raised by her grandmother, Sand spent her childhood studying nature and philosophy. Her early literary projects were collaborations with Jules Sandeau, who co-wrote articles they jointly signed as J. Sand. When making her solo debut, Armandine adopted the pen name George Sand, to appear on her work. Her first novel, Indiana was published in 1832, followed by Valentine and Jacques. During her career, Sand was considered one of the most popular writers of her time.